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Plan séquence - Biosourcé / Réemploi / Photovoltaïque : Galères en la matière !

mercredi 6 décembre 2023

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Biosourcé / Réemploi / Photovoltaïque : Galères en la matière !

[/vc_customtyping][vc_empty_space height="35px"][vc_column_text css_animation="none" el_class="custom_paragraphe"]Face aux nombreuses initiatives et lois dédiées à l'amélioration de l'empreinte carbone et du bilan énergétique des bâtis, les assureurs peinent à suivre la cadence, faute de recul suffisant sur les matériaux utilisés. [/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css_animation="none" el_class="custom_paragraphe"]

Par Thierry Gouby

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Nouveaux matériaux : Question de technique

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Par effet de mode, par recherche d’esthétique ou par souci d’amélioration de l’empreinte environnementale, de nouveaux matériaux de construction ont fait ces dernières années leur (ré)apparition sur les chantiers.

Parmi eux, les matériaux biosourcés (ou géosourcés) fabriqués à partir de matières végétales (bois, paille, chanvre, lin, liège, etc), tiennent une place importante dans les nouveaux projets immobiliers, tant chez les particuliers que chez les industriels. Mais certaines de ces matières ne répondent pas encore aux critères de certification pour être utilisées sur les chantiers, posant ainsi la question de leur assurabilité et de la responsabilité des entreprises et des artisans qui les installent.

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Ainsi, pour les produits ou procédés relevant d’une technique courante, les professionnels peuvent être couverts dans le cadre d’une RC décennale. Mais pour les matériaux relevant d’une technique non courante, les assureurs peuvent être plus réticents et demandent à évaluer au cas par cas les conditions d’assurabilité.

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Une démarche également rappelée récemment par la Fédération française du bâtiment qui précise que sa Commission Prévention Produits(C2P) tient à jour une « Liste Verte » qui recense les matériaux et procédés bénéficiant d’un avis technique en cours de validité. Ainsi, les constructions en paille (remplissage isolant ou enduit), ou en béton de chanvre « font déjà l’objet de règles professionnelles acceptées par la C2P les faisant admettre en techniques courantes », indique la FFB. Ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les ouvrages en terre crue par exemple.

"Pour les matériaux et procédés relevant de techniques non-courantes (c’est notamment le cas des panneaux photovoltaïques lorsqu’ils sont sous ETN), nous demandons l’appui d’ingénieurs qui nous indiquent alors s’ils sont viables. Mais ce n’est pas parce qu’un produit est nouveau que nous ne l’assurons pas, nous avons seulement un œil plus avisé sur les risques sur lesquels nous nous engageons, notamment en RC Décennale".

Michel Bailleul - Directeur des opérations d’assurance à L’Auxiliaire

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"Pour les matériaux sur lesquels nous avons peu/pas de recul, là encore notre rôle est d’accompagner de nouvelles normes et de nouveaux produits aux côtés des constructeurs. Il est nécessaire de tester ces matériaux pour les faire entrer ensuite dans un DTU. Le « prototypage » est donc très important. SMABTP a par exemple assuré la première maison réalisée en imprimante 3D : il a bien fallu se lancer !"

Grégory Kron, Directeur général adjoint assurances IARD de SMABTP.

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"Nous accompagnons et accompagnerons cette transformation sous toutes ces facettes avec un esprit de bon sens qui consiste par exemple à exiger pour des éléments structurels (en dehors des règles professionnelles ou DTU) l’intervention de BET ou structures externes de type contrôleur technique apte à se prononcer sur l’équivalence de ces matériaux en regard de ceux plus classiques".

Patrick Salomé, Directeur Construction chez AXA France

Si ces nouveaux matériaux ne posent donc a priori pas de problèmes aux assureurs, il y a pourtant une scission du marché avec d’un côté des opérateurs en appétit, prêts à souscrire des risques à des conditions adaptées et, de l’autre, des compagnies plus réservées et plus conservatrices.

« J’ai l’exemple récent d’une copropriété toute neuve avec un toit végétalisé, des murs en laine de chanvre, une ossature en bois avec poêles à bois dans chaque appartement. La dalle de l’immeuble était pour sa part isolée en sous-face avec du polystyrène, sachant que des véhicules électriques étaient stationnés au parking en-dessous, indique Loïc Peyre, co-fondateur de Novacover. Le dossier a finalement été pris en garantie à un tarif standard par un acteur généraliste (Immeuble neuf béton), là où notre proposition imposait des mesures de prévention, avec une capacité limitée, et un tarif nettement supérieur…».

COUP DE CHAUD SUR CERTAINES FILIÈRES

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Preuve que ce sujet préoccupe le marché, le fédération des assureurs a indiqué début novembre avoir commandité à CNPP des essais comparatifs sur la réaction au feu des certains isolants, notamment issus de matériaux naturels. « France Assureurs et Assurance Prévention ont souhaité observer les comportements de différents types d’isolants en cas d’incendie en comparant des isolants "traditionnels" (laine de roche, polystyrène expansé) et des isolants à base de matériaux biosourcés (chanvre, ouate de cellulose, laine de mouton…) », explique la "fédé" sur son site.

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"Face au risque d’incendie, les matériaux biosourcés ne sont pas plus inflammables que des matières traditionnelles. Évidemment ils peuvent être combustibles en cas d’incendie, mais au même titre que des chalets en bois ou des granges qui stockent du fourrage. Il n’y donc pas d’interdiction à couvrir ces matériaux, mais des mesures de prévention et des moyens de protection à mettre en place dans les bâtiments qui en sont pourvus", indique Michel Bailleul, directeur des opérations d’assurance à L’Auxiliaire.

Enfin, au-delà de la simple question de la couverture de ces nouveaux matériaux et de ceux qui les utilisent, des questions se posent également à plus large échelle sur l’assurabilité de branches entières qui ne trouvent aujourd’hui plus de porteurs de risques.

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Réemploi : Derechef de chantier

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Aux côtés des matériaux et techniques nouvelles de construction, le sujet des pièces de réemploi est lui aussi dans l’air du temps, notamment parce qu’il s’inscrit dans la dynamique d’amélioration du bilan carbone des bâtiments. Pour autant, même s’il est encore marginal (les filières étant encore peu mâtures) le réemploi pose aussi plusieurs questions, et notamment son assurabilité.

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Des interrogations sur la qualification technique de ces produits dit "circulaires", rappelées en fin d’année dernière dans l’hémicycle par le sénateur Hervé Maurey et donc sur la responsabilité et la couverture des fournisseurs et des entreprises qui les utilisent. « Sur la question de la résistance de ces matériaux, nous y prêtons évidemment attention. Si l’on déconstruit un ouvrage proprement, il n‘y a aucune raison que sa reconstruction pose problème. Sur ce point, c’est l’avis du constructeur qui va faire foi et nous lui faisons confiance », ajoute Gregory Kron.

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Résultats, là encore les appétits de souscription sur des constructions utilisant des pièces de réemploi varient, laissant certains artisans ou entrepreneurs sans solution de couverture. Ainsi, selon la dernière enquête « réemploi et construction » (juin 2023) menée par la plateforme spécialisée Cycle Up auprès de 200 professionnels de la construction, de l'architecture et de l'immobilier (maîtres d’ouvrage, maître d’œuvre, constructeurs, PME, Artisans, AMO, bureau d‘études, architectes, etc) ils sont 73% à attendre des assurances et des garanties pour utiliser plus régulièrement des matériaux de réemploi.

Et comme pour les nouveaux matériaux, le spectre du sinistre incendie est lui aussi toujours présent. « Là où je suis plus réservé sur le réemploi, c’est lorsque des bâtiments en béton refont leur isolation par l’extérieur. Les installateurs ont tendance à privilégier des isolations en plastique expansé qui peut entraîner des sinistres majeurs (exemple aggravation comme le sinistre de la tour Grenfell à Londres en 2017), à la fin du chantier il est quasiment impossible de savoir quel matériau a été utilisé. Avec la pression sur l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique, il y aura de plus en plus de façades à classer comme combustibles en France », indique Loïc Peyre.

Enfin, si l’utilisation de pièces de seconde main n’entraîne en général pas de surprime chez les assureurs, le réemploi peut à tort laisser penser que la tarification du risque sera moindre qu’avec des matériaux traditionnels. Pourtant, il n’en est rien.

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Photovoltaïque :

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Les assureurs ne tombent plus dans le panneau !

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Impossible de parler transition écologique et construction sans parler d’économie d’énergie et donc de panneaux photovoltaïques. Là encore, face à une législation de plus en plus incitative en la matière, nombre d’installateurs peinent à trouver des solutions d’assurance, notamment parce que l’activité n’a pas toujours été cadrée, tant sur l’expérience ou les procédés et avec une forte sinistralité liée notamment à la pose en intégration au bâti.

Aidée par des coups de pouce fiscaux, la demande d’installation de produits photovoltaïques a explosé dans les années 2000, notamment chez les particuliers qui pouvaient alors en attendre un rendement financier très avantageux. Malheureusement, ce mouvement s’est accompagné d’une dérive de la sinistralité de plus de 15 ans, notamment du fait d’installateurs peu scrupuleux et sans aucune compétence en la matière, ou encore de produits loin des standards de qualité.

Avec une charge sinistre annuelle atteignant presque des 100M d’euros à fin 2017 et des installations photovoltaïques générant quatre fois plus de sinistres que de primes, la Fédération des assureurs (alors FFA) et l’AQC (Agence Qualité Construction) ont ainsi constitué un groupe de travail dédié l’année suivante dans le but de renforcer les exigences en matière de formations de installateurs et de normes de qualité des produits.

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Résultat, nombre d’assureurs sont sortis de ce marché ces dernières années. Pour les opérateurs traditionnels qui acceptent encore de couvrir les installateurs, les conditions très strictes. Ainsi, Groupama a fermé les vannes ces dernières années sur le PV, quand Maaf (l’assureur de la Capeb) ne fait plus que du sur-mesure.

« Aujourd’hui, les quelques assureurs positionnés sur cette activité regardent de très près les procédés liés au PV, explique Ronny Sebag, directeur général du grossiste Ediifice. Ils exigent que les panneaux fassent l’objet de techniques courantes délivrées par la C2P et donc qu’ils soient sur la liste verte de la C2P, alors que la plupart des poseurs du marché s’appuient sur des ETN (Enquête de Technique Nouvelle) qui relèvent de techniques non-courantes. Pour être couverts, les professionnels n’ont d’autre choix que de négocier avec leurs assureurs avec des études au cas par cas ».

Preuve de la frilosité des assureurs sur ce segment, le BCT (Bureau Central de tarification) a vu le nombre de dossiers dédiés grimper en flèches ces dernières années.

En 2021, près d’un quart des saisines du BCT correspondait à une demande de garantie pour des activités liées aux énergies renouvelables (voir graphique ci-contre), en particulier pour des installations de systèmes de production d’électricité tels que les panneaux photovoltaïques.

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Pour ne rien arranger, depuis le 1er janvier 2023, les nouveaux bâtiments commerciaux, industriels, artisanaux ou bien les entrepôts et hangars de plus de 500 m2, et les bâtiments de bureaux de plus de 1000 m2 doivent désormais végétaliser ou solariser 30% de leur surface.

« Ce sont désormais les entreprises avec des surfaces et des volumes très importants qui ont des besoins de PV et donc d’assurance , pointe Michel Bailleul. Devant les exigences gouvernementales en la matière, des « marchands » de PV peu professionnels veulent évidemment prendre des parts de marchés, nous ne les assurons pas. Nous continuons à couvrir nos clients cibles, artisans et PME, notamment les couvreurs et électriciens, à qui nous demandons simplement de sous-traiter les tâches qu’ils ne sont pas en capacité d’effectuer ».

Même exigences chez les grossistes du marché. Que ce soit April avec Ergo ou Ediifice avec QBE, « nous recevons près de 100 cotations par jours car le parc français est encore peu équipé », précise son directeur général. Et Ronny Sebag d’ajouter « Là où il est nécessaire d'être vigilant, c’est sur les dérives autour du prix et de la qualité des matériaux (panneaux, kits de fixation, onduleurs) où souvent l’artisan peut gonfler les tarifs en proposant une offre de financement très attractive permettant de finaliser la vente mais également s’assurer des compétences de l’artisan. Il est impératif de veiller à ce que les distributeurs délivrent des installations aux standards du marché à savoir s’assurer que les panneaux soient compatibles avec les procédés de fixation et les onduleurs ».

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Au final, le déploiement de l’arsenal législatif et de ses obligations écologiques a des incidences non-négligeables pour le marché de l’assurance. « Dans les faits, les incitatifs forts du gouvernement ne trouvent pas de réponses assurantielles », déplore Pascal Chapelon.

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« Ne pas proposer de solutions d’assurance, c’est prendre le risque que les parlementaires légifèrent. Il y a enfin, selon nous, un angle mort sur la réassurance à ce sujet. Si les assureurs ne montent plus sur ces risques, c’est que leurs traités de réassurance ne leur permettent plus. Il est donc nécessaire de réguler aussi la réassurance au niveau européen afin de permettre aux compagnies de trouver des réponses », conclut le président d’Agéa.

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