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En assurance emprunteur, l’habit ne fait pas Lemoine

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Depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Loi Lemoine, les affaires des acteurs alternatifs ont triplé grâce à la résiliation infra-annuelle. En revanche, la suppression du questionnaire médical fait monter en flèche les prix et les soupçons d’antisélection sur les petits emprunts.

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Par Mariona Vivar

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Lemoine, une loi à vents contraires

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Chasse gardée des banques, l’assurance emprunteur et ses 9,8 milliards d’euros de primes en 2019, représente un marché à fort potentiel de développement pour les assureurs. Le secteur de l’assurance s’est battu pendant des années pour permettre aux emprunteurs de changer de contrat. La loi Hamon de 2014 a introduit la résiliation pendant la première année. Et depuis 2018, les emprunteurs peuvent changer d’assurance une fois par an, au moment de la date d’anniversaire du contrat, grâce à l’amendement Bourquin.

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La Loi Lemoine de 2022 rend caducs les anciens dispositifs et introduit enfin la résiliation à tout moment ou résiliation infra-annuelle (RIA). Depuis juin 2022 pour les nouveaux crédits et depuis septembre pour le stock. L’objectif affiché est de favoriser la concurrence dans un marché où les banques concentrent 88% de parts de marché.

Mais lors des débats parlementaires sur le projet de loi Lemoine, le texte a été modifié pour introduire deux mesures qui visent à élargir l’assurabilité des emprunteurs :

• La suppression du questionnaire médical pour les emprunts de moins de 200.000 euros arrivant à échéance avant le 60ème anniversaire du souscripteur. • Le raccourcissement des délais du droit à l’oubli de 10 à 5 ans pour certaines pathologies.

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Alors que la RIA favorise la concurrence et pousse les prix vers le bas, les mesures sur le questionnaire médical et le droit à l’oubli vont, au contraire, augmenter le coût du risque pour les acteurs de ce marché qui, jusque-là, appliquaient des surprimes aux personnes présentant un risque aggravé de santé. C’est donc une loi aux effets antagonistes qui a mis le secteur de l’assurance en émoi. Ils ont eu quatre mois pour une mise en conformité tambour battant.

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Les deux effets les plus visibles de la loi Lemoine ont été l’augmentation des résiliations et des tarifs pour certains.

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Depuis le 1^er septembre, les spécialistes de la substitution ont vu leurs affaires grimper en flèche. Sécurimut a enregistré une hausse de 50 à 60% de demandes de devis. La part de la substitution dans la production de Sécurimut est passé de 66% en 2021 à 80% en 2022. Même constat chez Assurea, courtier grossiste spécialisé dans l’emprunteur. Depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la loi, 60% de l’activité d’Assurea est issue de la substitution, contre 40% auparavant. L’augmentation des taux d’intérêt et les problématiques sur le taux d’usure expliquent par ailleurs la baisse de la part de nouveaux crédits dans la production des acteurs alternatifs.

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Le recul du marché immobilier provoque par ailleurs des tensions entre les courtiers en crédit et les banques.

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Le segment Lemoine représentait 50% des assurés avant l’entrée en vigueur de la loi. Les difficultés actuelles d’accès au crédit expliquent que « la cible Lemoine chez les acteurs alternatifs ne représente que 10 à 15% de la production, alors qu’on s’attendait à 20% », partage David Echevin, fondateur d’Actélior.

Depuis septembre, le volume des résiliations a été multiplié par trois. « L’effet frigo » pourrait expliquer ce sursaut, les distributeurs ayant mis de côté un bon nombre de dossiers en attendant l’entrée en vigueur de la loi. « L’effet communication » serait également une explication, car de nombreux acteurs ont investi pour faire connaître les dispositions de la loi auprès du grand public. Enfin, David Echevin invoque un « effet de professionnalisation ». Si au départ le nombre des acteurs qui pratiquaient la résiliation se comptait sur les doigts d’une main, depuis deux ans, le marché alternatif s’est étoffé, et les distributeurs ont mis en place des plateformes efficaces.

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Les banques ont 10 jours ouvrés pour répondre à une demande de substitution et ont de moins en moins de moyens de s’y opposer. Sécurimut observe dans son étude que le respect des délais de réponse s’est amélioré en 2021.

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full_height="" columns_placement="top" background="" background_image_type="static" background_image__effect="" bg_size="initial" bg_position="center-center" row_bg_image="" bg_repeat="no-repeat" background_image_type__bg_color="rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)" row_bg_parallax_images="" row_bg_slideshow_images="" background_video_type="youtube" background_video__youtube__url="" background_video__youtube__parallax="" background_video__youtube__options="" background_video__youtube__fallback_image="" background_video__hosted__mp4="" background_video__hosted__webm="" background_video__hosted__ogv="" background_video__hosted__parallax="" background_video__hosted__options="" background_video__hosted__fallback_image="" background_color_type="color" bg__empty_1="" background_color_type__gradient_color1="rgba(44, 74, 228, 1)" background_color_type__gradient_color2="rgba(44, 74, 228, 1)" background_color_type__color_color1="rgba(44, 74, 228, 1)" bg__empty_2="" background_color__effect="" 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Sur les six premiers mois, 80% du marché alternatif a effectué un repositionnement de l’offre en appliquant une hausse de tarifs sur le segment dit Lemoine.

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Même constat chez Sécurimut. 12 des 15 offres commercialisées par la filiale de Macif ont subi des majorations entre 15 et 25%. L’offre de Macif, en revanche, n’a pas augmenté les tarifs.

 

Les augmentations de tarifs peuvent aller de 5% pour les profils jeunes à 30% pour les plus âgés. Le message que le marché alternatif envoie aux emprunteurs âgés est donc de rester assurés auprès de leur banque. Certains emprunteurs en bonne santé déclarent auprès d’un assureur alternatif un montant emprunté supérieur à 200.000 euros afin de bénéficier d’un tarif moins cher.

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Avant l’entrée de la loi, le marché alternatif était davantage positionné sur des capitaux empruntés supérieurs à 200.000 euros. Assurea ne réalisait que 8% de ses affaires sur la cible Lemoine et ce pourcentage n’a augmenté que de deux points depuis septembre 2022.« Je pense que les acteurs alternatifs vont glisser vers des capitaux plus élevés, au-delà de 200.000 euros. La prime d’assurance est plus conséquente, ils vont pouvoir continuer à segmenter les tarifs et faire de la sélection médicale », observe Gilles Thivant, directeur du marché français vie et santé de PartnerRe.

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La loi Lemoine réduit donc la pression concurrentielle sur ce segment et les possibilités de gain de pouvoir d’achat pour les Français les plus modestes. «  Ce sont les emprunteurs les plus jeunes et moins aisés qui voient leurs potentiels gains de pouvoir d’achat diminuer. », souligne Isabelle Delange. La Présidente de Sécurimut met en perspective les 0,5% d’emprunteurs avec un risque très aggravé de santé refusés au 3^ème niveau AERAS qui vont bénéficier d’un accès facilité à une assurance emprunteur contre les 5 millions de personnes déjà sous crédit et qui ne pourront plus obtenir le même niveau d’économie sur leur prêt en changeant d’assurance.

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De leur côté, les bancassureurs ont annoncé le maintien de leurs tarifs sur la cible Lemoine. Ils mettent en avant leur capacité de mutualisation pour absorber les surcoûts liés à l’absence de sélection. « Malgré l’apparence de stabilité tarifaire, leur politique de dérogation tarifaire s’est endurcie sur la cible Lemoine dans plusieurs réseaux bancaires. C’est une façon détournée d’augmenter les tarifs », souligne David Echevin.

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u_video_url="" video_opts="" video_poster="" u_start_time="" u_stop_time="" viewport_vdo="" enable_controls="" controls_color="" bg_override="" disable_on_mobile_img_parallax="" parallax_content="" parallax_content_sense="" fadeout_row="" fadeout_start_effect="" enable_overlay="" overlay_color="" overlay_pattern="" overlay_pattern_opacity="" overlay_pattern_size="" overlay_pattern_attachment="" multi_color_overlay="uvc-multi-color-bg" multi_color_overlay_opacity="" seperator_enable="" seperator_type="" seperator_position="" seperator_shape_size="" seperator_svg_height="" seperator_shape_background="" seperator_shape_border="" seperator_shape_border_color="" seperator_shape_border_width="" icon_type="" icon="" icon_size="" icon_color="" icon_style="" icon_color_bg="" icon_border_style="" icon_color_border="" icon_border_size="" icon_border_radius="" icon_border_spacing="" icon_img="" img_width="" ult_hide_row="" ult_hide_row_large_screen="" ult_hide_row_desktop="" ult_hide_row_tablet="" 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Les garde-fous pour éviter l’anti-sélection

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Le pire scénario pour un acteur alternatif opérant dans le cadre du « périmètre Lemoine » serait de souscrire un pourcentage plus élevé de personnes avec un risque aggravé de santé que la moyenne du marché. Avant la Loi Lemoine, plus de 10% des assurés présentaient un risque aggravé en matière de santé.

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Pour se prémunir contre cette éventualité, les acteurs alternatifs ont revu leurs parcours de souscription afin d’exclure certaines typologies de prêt ou certains profils présentant un risque de fraude plus élevé.

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• Les emprunts pour une résidence secondaire • Les emprunts pour l’achat de parts d’une société civile de placement immobilier (SCPI). • Les emprunteurs déjà couverts par un assureur alternatif et qui chercheraient à changer d’assureur, car susceptibles d’avoir subi une surprime par le passé.

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« La seule façon d’exclure que j’ai c’est le tarif », explique sous couvert d’anonymat un réassureur ayant appliqué des majorations ciblées sur certains profils. Dans le parcours de souscription, certains assureurs ont ajouté une clause afin de rappeler les exclusions du contrat. Il est ainsi mentionné que l’emprunteur ne sera pas couvert en arrêt de travail s’il est déjà en arrêt au moment de la souscription.

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Face à l’impossibilité d’interroger les emprunteurs sur leurs antécédents médicaux, les acteurs peuvent continuer d’utiliser d’autres critères pour tarifer comme la catégorie socio-professionnelle, l’âge ou le lieu de résidence. Les assureurs vont-ils prendre en considération des données comportementales ? « Il est actuellement proscrit par AERAS de poser des questions sur la génétique, la religion ou l’orientation sexuelle. Il est également illégal de fouiller les réseaux sociaux pour en savoir plus sur les futurs assurés. Quant aux critères sociaux-démographiques, ils sont déjà utilisés pour leur partie pertinente. Ainsi les questions sur les habitudes personnelles, sportives et professionnelles peuvent toujours être posées afin d’affiner le profil de risque de l’emprunteur », déclare Isabelle Delange.

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bg__empty_2="" background_color__effect="" background_color__direction="left-to-right" parallax="" parallax_speed_bg="1.5" parallax_image="" video_bg="" video_bg_url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMJXxhRFO1k" video_bg_parallax="" el_id="" gap="0" disable_element="" settings__tag_1="" viewport_lg="" viewport_md="" viewport_sm="" viewport_xs="" settings__empty_1="" el_class="" version="1" css=""][vc_column extend="false"][vc_column_text] [/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image="1529537" img_size="full" alignment="center"][vc_column_text]

Certains craignent de voir arriver des personnes atteintes de cancer qui se savent condamnées et utilisent l’assurance emprunteur comme un produit de succession à bon escient. Sous les bons conseils de courtiers bien informés sur les failles de la loi. Faut-il donc craindre l’effet d’aubaine ? Les avis sont partagés.

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« Le droit au changement d’assurance ne doit pas être confondu avec la capacité des futurs emprunteurs malades d’accéder au crédit. La loi Lemoine permet aux emprunteurs ayant déjà un crédit de changer d’assurance et aux personnes avec antécédent de santé d’accéder plus facilement à l’assurance et donc au crédit sous certaines conditions. En revanche, les emprunteurs malades déjà couverts par un contrat d’assurance n’ont pas intérêt à changer de contrat au risque d’être moins bien couverts en cas de sinistre, l’assurance étant basée sur l’existence d’un aléa. », signale Isabelle Delange.

Malgré ces craintes, il n’y a pas aujourd’hui d’indice ou alerte sur ce type de comportement frauduleux. Prudents, les acteurs ont appliqué des augmentations tarifaires supplémentaires, en raison de l’appréhension du risque d’aubaine.

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Certains pointent des risques de distribution. Certains courtiers pourraient capter des malades à la sortie de l’hôpital et organiser une fraude. C’est la raison pour laquelle, pendant les premiers mois d’entrée en vigueur de la loi, les spécialistes de l’emprunteur ont fermé l’accès à de nouveaux courtiers souhaitant distribuer des assurances emprunteur.

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background_color_type__gradient_color2="rgba(44, 74, 228, 1)" background_color_type__color_color1="rgba(44, 74, 228, 1)" bg__empty_2="" background_color__effect="" background_color__direction="left-to-right" parallax="" parallax_speed_bg="1.5" parallax_image="" video_bg="" video_bg_url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMJXxhRFO1k" video_bg_parallax="" el_id="chapitre3" gap="0" disable_element="" settings__tag_1="" viewport_lg="" viewport_md="" viewport_sm="" viewport_xs="" settings__empty_1="" el_class="" version="1" css=""][vc_column extend="false"][vc_single_image image="1529910" img_size="full" alignment="center"][vc_customtyping]

Le cadre règlementaire va-t-il encore évoluer ?

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Le développement de l’assurance cyber passera par les TPE/PME... et par les intermédiaires qui sauront leur vendre les bonnes garanties

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De son côté, l’EIOPA dans un rapport récent s’en prend aux commissions des distributeurs en assurance emprunteur. Les régulateurs pointent du doigt les marges abusives et les conflits d’intérêts. « La banque est la seule qui peut fonctionner de manière plus efficace car elle n’a pas de coûts de distribution. Les banques sont les seules qui peuvent subir de la pression sur les prix », indique David Echevin.

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Concernant les évolutions de la loi Lemoine, le gouvernement a la possibilité d’augmenter le seuil et l’âge butoir dans le sens de l’intérêt de l’assureur, selon une disposition prévue dans la loi. Le Comité consultatif sur le secteur financier (CCSF) a également prévu de dresser un bilan deux ans après l’application de la loi.

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En attendant, les associations de patients s’impatientent. Elles militent pour repousser les limites de l’assurabilité et rendre l’assurance emprunteur encore plus inclusive.

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« Il faut aller encore plus loin sur le droit à l’oubli à 5 ans et la suppression du questionnaire médical. On aimerait l’étendre à la prévoyance du TNS, sans surprime ni exclusion de garanties, comme l’a fait la Belgique. En outre, nous aimerions que la prévoyance collective soit obligatoire pour tous les actifs. Cela permettrait de limiter la précarisation liée au cancer », poursuit Isabelle Huet. Malgré ces revendications, Rose Up a entendu les arguments des assureurs et concède qu’il faudrait peut-être limité la suppression du questionnaire médical aux prêts professionnels et aux résidences principales.

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Les défenseurs de la suppression du questionnaire médical pour tous pensent que la société ne peut pas laisser sur le carreau les personnes qui ont un profil de risque supérieur à la moyenne mais qui sont pour autant tout à fait assurables. « Plus on segmente, plus on met de la sélection, plus les gens qui ont un souci de santé vont payer cher. Pour une assurance emprunteur qui est devenue quasi obligatoire. Les gens qui présentaient un risque aggravé de santé sont ceux qui génèrent le plus de rentabilité chez l’assureur. Ils auront un taux de sinistres à primes de 50 à 60% contre un S/P à 90-95% pour un assuré en bonne santé. Cela s’explique en raison des surprimes car l’assureur va ajouter des marges de sécurité », signale un acteur du marché.

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Grâce à la suppression du questionnaire sur la cible Lemoine, « les gens qui ont un souci de santé ont vu leurs tarifs divisés par deux », se félicite un assureur. En revanche, « tout ce que l’on fait pour rendre le produit plus inclusif et exacerber la concurrence va amener les banques à revoir leur politique tarifaire. Le client n’aura plus intérêt à aller sur le marché alternatif », selon certains.

La loi Lemoine aurait également permis a « un acteur alternatif très important qui vendait à perte d’appliquer des augmentations de tarif. Il abattait jusqu’à 80% de la table de mortalité. Ses produits ne s’adressaient qu’à 20% de la population », indique un actuaire.

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1)" bg__empty_2="" background_color__effect="" background_color__direction="left-to-right" parallax="" parallax_speed_bg="1.5" parallax_image="" video_bg="" video_bg_url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMJXxhRFO1k" video_bg_parallax="" el_id="" gap="0" disable_element="" settings__tag_1="" viewport_lg="" viewport_md="" viewport_sm="" viewport_xs="" settings__empty_1="" el_class="" version="1" css=""][vc_column extend="false" el_class="chapitre_x_title" version="1"][vc_single_image image="1529905" img_size="full" alignment="center"][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner extend="false"][vc_column_text]

A propos de l’évolution du marché, un observateur prédit la fin de la réassurance. « Sur l’emprunteur, les porteurs de risque n’ont pas besoin des réassureurs pour se protéger en cas de sinistralité mais pour tarifer et sélectionner le risque. En cas de suppression de la sélection médicale, la plupart des acteurs vont se passer des réassureurs pour les petits capitaux. Je prédis que dans deux à trois ans, certains assureurs vont résilier leurs traités de réassurance pour les petits capitaux, quand ils sauront tarifer tous seuls ».

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Allons-nous vers la fin de la sélection médicale pour tout type de prêt ? « Nous ne sommes pas la Sécurité sociale de l’emprunteur ! », s’emporte un autre réassureur. Aux Pays Bas, en Angleterre, aux Etats-Unis, en Suède et en Allemagne, l’assurance emprunteur n’existe plus.

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La majorité des acteurs s’opposent à la disparition de la sélection médicale sur tous types de prêts. Ils craignent une explosion des tarifs et l’effritement du marché alternatif. « Les banques répercuteraient le risque sur le taux d’intérêt », pointe un réassureur. Certains évoquent un doublement des tarifs pour tous les emprunteurs si le questionnaire médical disparaissait complètement.

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